Skip to content
FIRE Calculator Pro
Free · No sign-up · Updated November 11, 2026

Early Retirement Calculator

You can retire early when your investments cover your spending from the day you stop working, including the years before you can touch your 401(k) penalty-free at 59½, before Medicare at 65 and before Social Security starts. This early retirement calculator works that out for the age you pick: the portfolio you need, the savings rate it takes, and the earliest age you could retire at your current pace.

Use it as an early retirement planner: change one input at a time and watch how the bridge years, health insurance and your claiming age move the number.

Your numbers

About you
yrs old
yrs old
Money
$

After tax and payroll deductions, plus any 401(k) contributions you make.

$

You save the rest: $45,000 a year, a 45% savings rate. We assume you spend the same in retirement.

$

401(k), IRA, HSA and brokerage accounts.

$

Yearly ACA premiums and out-of-pocket costs not already in your spending, from retirement until Medicare at 65.

Social Security & pension

Guaranteed income lowers the portfolio you need. Get your personal estimate at ssa.gov/myaccount.

$

The average retiree benefit is $2,170 a month ($26,040 a year) from January 2027.

yrs old

Full retirement age is 67 if you were born in 1960 or later. Claiming at 62 cuts the benefit 30%; waiting to 70 adds 24%.

%

Worried about future cuts? Many planners count 75%-80% to be safe.

Assumptions

Real return used: 3.79% a year after inflation and fees. All results are in today's money.

%

Nominal, before inflation. The S&P 500 returned 10.0% a year from 1928-2025; Vanguard's 10-year forecast for US stocks is 4.8%-6.8%.

%

US inflation averaged about 3.0% a year from 1928-2025, and 3.7% in the 12 months to September 2026.

%

Fund expense ratios plus any advisory fee. Broad index funds often cost 0.03%-0.20%.

%

We default to 3.5% because early retirements last 40-60 years. 4% was designed for 30.

yrs old

Planning to 95 or later protects against outliving your money.

%

Used by the risk tests. The rest is assumed to be 10-year US Treasuries, rebalanced yearly.

Risk test returns

Replays actual 1928-2025 returns (minus fees), like the Trinity study and FIRECalc. Past returns were higher than most forecasts.

Portfolio you need to retire at 50

$1,285,535

Short by $136,704Saving $45,000 a year, you're projected to have $1,148,831 at 50. At this pace the earliest you could retire is age 52, 2 years later than planned.
Projected $1,148,831 of $1,285,535 needed89%

Saving needed per year

$51,936

$6,936 more than now

Savings rate needed

52%

of take-home pay; yours is 45%

Earliest retirement age

Age 52

at your current saving

Bridge to age 67

$785,221

part of the target, before Social Security

Your bridge to 59½, Social Security and Medicare

From 50 to 59½ you need money you can reach without the 10% early-withdrawal penalty: about $475,449 in today's dollars, from taxable accounts, Roth contributions, a Roth conversion ladder or 72(t) payments.

  • Before 59½: early-access rules apply
  • Penalty-free 401(k) and IRA
  • Social Security covers part
  1. 59½Age 59½9½ years after you retire. Penalty-free withdrawals from 401(k)s and IRAs.
  2. 62Age 6212 years after you retire. Earliest Social Security claim (about 30% smaller).
  3. 65Age 6515 years after you retire. Medicare eligibility.
  4. 67Social Security at 6717 years after you retire. Your benefit starts.
Your path to retiring at 50

Saving $45,000 a year until 50, then withdrawing what Social Security doesn't cover. Today's dollars.

  • Projected portfolio
  • Needed ($1.29M)

Would retiring at 50 have worked?

Markets don't deliver an average return every year. A crash right after you retire can sink a plan that looks fine on average. These two tests use 98 years of US stock, bond and inflation data.

Monte Carlo success rate

82%

2,000 simulated lifetimes to age 95

Historical success rate

76%

54 start years tested. Worst: retiring in 1969 ran out after 19 years.

Range of outcomes (Monte Carlo)

2,000 simulations, each year drawn from a random year of US market history (1928-2025). Today's money.

  • Middle 80% of outcomes
  • Middle 50%
  • Median
The luckiest 10% of outcomes extend above the top of the chart. Switch to Table to see every value.
Every 45-year retirement since 1928

Each bar is a retirement that started in that year and replayed actual US returns and inflation. Today's money.

  • Money left at the end
  • Ran out of money

How this is calculated

From 67 the portfolio covers $35,000 a year, your spending minus other income. Valued at 50, that is $500,314. The 17 bridge years before then cost $785,221. Both are valued at 2.28%, the real rate at which a 3.5% withdrawal lasts exactly 45 years. Total needed: $1,285,535. Saving needed = the yearly amount that grows $150,000 into that total in 15 years: $51,936.

How to use this early retirement calculator

  1. Enter your age, the age you want to retire, your take-home pay and what you spend. The difference is your savings.
  2. Enter what you have invested today and any health insurance costs before Medicare that aren't in your spending.
  3. Adjust your Social Security estimate, then compare what you need with where you're headed.

Results update as you type. Copy the share link to save a scenario, or download the year-by-year projection as a CSV.

Can I retire early?

You can retire early if three things are true, and a plan that passes only the first can still fail.

  1. Your portfolio covers the whole retirement. That means full spending until Social Security starts, then the gap for life, at a withdrawal rate built for a long retirement.
  2. Enough of it is reachable before 59½. The years before 59½ have to come from taxable accounts, Roth contributions or a penalty-free route into your 401(k) or IRA.
  3. You have health cover until Medicare. Medicare starts at 65[16], so every year before that needs a plan and a budget.

The calculator tests the first directly and shows the cost of the other two. If you are already near your number and want a yes or no for today, the retirement calculator checks whether you can retire now.

How is the early retirement number calculated?

The portfolio you need at your retirement age has two parts:

  • Bridge = full spending for every year between retirement and your Social Security age, when the portfolio pays for everything.
  • Long-term portfolio = spending minus Social Security for every year from your claiming age to the end of the plan.

Both are valued at the age you retire with the same real rate: the one at which your withdrawal rate lasts exactly your retirement. That gives every year, including the bridge, the same safety margin as the withdrawal rate, and with flat spending the total is exactly spending ÷ withdrawal rate. Your expected market return does not change the number you need; it changes how fast your savings grow toward it.

We use a 3.5% withdrawal rate by default because early retirements can last 50 years or more, and research shows 3.25% to 3.5% survived the worst historical conditions over that length[1].

Worked example

Taylor is 35, takes home $100,000, spends $55,000 and has $150,000 invested. Taylor wants to retire at 50 and expects $20,000 a year of Social Security from 67. The real return is 3.79%, and a 3.5% withdrawal rate over the 45 years from 50 to 95 implies a planning rate of 2.28%.

  • Needed at 50: $1,285,535, of which $785,221 bridges the 17 years to Social Security.
  • Projected at 50, saving $45,000 a year: $1,148,831. Saving needed: $51,936 a year, a 52% savings rate.
  • Earliest retirement at the current pace: age 52, when the target is $1,259,909. The years from 50 to 59½ alone cost $475,449, which must come from accounts Taylor can reach early.

How much do you need to retire early at 40, 45, 50, 55 or 60?

Retiring at 40 on $55,000 a year takes about $1,385,127; waiting until 60 cuts that to $1,134,930. Each earlier year adds a year of spending and a year of bridge before Social Security. Same assumptions as Taylor: $20,000 of Social Security from 67, a 3.5% withdrawal rate and a plan to 95 (our calculation).

Retire atPortfolio needed× spendingYears before Social SecurityOf which before 59½
40$1,385,12725.227$839,409
45$1,340,78624.422$674,715
50$1,285,53523.417$475,449
55$1,217,33022.112$239,602
60$1,134,93020.67none

The last column is the part of the target you must be able to spend before 59½ without the 10% additional tax. At 40 it is $839,409, which is why very early retirees build large taxable accounts. Retire at 60 and the access problem disappears, leaving only the bridge to Social Security and Medicare.

How early can I retire?

How early you can retire depends mostly on your savings rate, the share of take-home pay you invest. The more you save, the faster the portfolio grows and the less it has to replace. Starting from zero, with a 3.8% real return and a 3.5% withdrawal rate (our calculation):

Savings rateYears to retireRetire at, starting at 25
20%4570
30%3459
40%2651
50%2045
60%1540
70%1035

This simple version ignores Social Security, so it is conservative for later retirements. Existing savings shorten the timeline; the calculator uses your real balance. To see your own rate and timeline, try the savings rate calculator, and for the very early end of the table read how to retire at 40.

How do you get your money before 59½?

Withdrawals from a 401(k) or IRA before 59½ normally cost a 10% additional tax on top of income tax, unless an exception applies[6]. Most early retirees use the accounts in roughly this order.

1. Taxable brokerage account

No age rules at all, and only the gain on what you sell is taxed. In 2026 the 0% long-term capital gains rate runs up to $98,900 of taxable income for a married couple[9], so a couple with no other income can realize about $131,100 of long-term gains, after the standard deduction, with no federal income tax (our calculation).

2. Roth IRA contributions

What you put into a Roth IRA comes out first, and a return of your regular contributions is not income[8], so years of contributions form a tax-free reserve at any age. Leave the earnings for later.

3. The Rule of 55

Leave your employer during or after the year you turn 55 (50 for public safety employees) and withdrawals from that employer's 401(k) are free of the 10% tax[6]. It does not apply to IRAs, so don't roll that 401(k) into an IRA before you have drawn what you need. Retiring at 55 or later? Read how to retire at 55, where this rule does much of the work.

4. 72(t) substantially equal payments

You can take a fixed yearly amount from an IRA, calculated by one of three IRS methods, for at least five years or until 59½, whichever is later. The interest rate can be up to the greater of 5% or 120% of the federal mid-term rate, and changing the payments early brings back the 10% tax on every payment so far, plus interest[7]. Example: a $500,000 IRA at 55, using the fixed amortization method at 5% over the IRS single life expectancy of 31.6 years[8], pays about $31,807 a year until 60 (our calculation). The amount is fixed in dollars, so inflation erodes it, and you can make a one-time switch to the RMD method if you need smaller payments.

5. Roth conversion ladder

Convert part of a traditional IRA to a Roth each year. The conversion is taxable income that year, and each one has its own five-year period starting January 1 of the year you convert; after that, the converted amount can come out without the 10% tax[8]. Start converting about five years before you need the money, and fund those first years from the accounts above. A married couple with no other income can convert $32,200 a year with no federal tax (the standard deduction), or $133,000 and stay in the 12% bracket for $11,600 of federal tax, 8.7% overall (our calculation from 2026 brackets[9]). Watch the health insurance line below first: that larger conversion would cost the subsidy.

How will you pay for health insurance before 65?

Medicare starts at 65[16], so early retirees need cover for every year before that. You have three main options:

  • COBRA keeps your employer plan for up to 18 months after you leave (employers with 20 or more employees)[11].
  • The ACA Marketplace. Retiring qualifies you for a Special Enrollment Period[10], and premium tax credits depend on your income.
  • A working spouse's plan, often the cheapest route if one of you keeps working.

The subsidy cliff is the trap. With the enhanced credits gone, income above 400% of the poverty level gets no premium tax credit, in 2026 and again for 2027 coverage[15]. Marketplace savings use the previous year's poverty guidelines[12], so the line for 2027 coverage is about $63,840 for one person and $86,560 for a couple ($62,600 and $84,600 for 2026; our calculation). Above it, KFF found a 60-year-old faced a national average benchmark silver premium of $15,914 a year in 2026[14]. Paying that for just the five years from 60 to 65 would add $60,710 to Taylor's target at 50 (our calculation).

Early retirees control their income more than most people. Traditional IRA and 401(k) withdrawals and capital gains count toward Marketplace income, while qualified Roth distributions don't[13], and Roth conversions are taxable income[8]. Mixing cash, Roth contributions and taxable sales with a basis can keep income under the line. If the cost isn't in your budget already, enter it in the calculator's health insurance field.

When should early retirees claim Social Security?

Claiming later shrinks the portfolio you need for life, but lengthens the bridge you fund first. Full retirement age is 67 for anyone born in 1960 or later; claiming at 62 cuts the benefit by 30%, and waiting until 70 raises it by 24%[3]. For Taylor, retiring at 50, the target is $1,320,254 claiming at 62, $1,285,535 at 67 and $1,266,474 at 70 (our calculation).

Benefits rise with inflation each year (3.6% for 2027[5]), so a larger benefit is lifelong, inflation-protected income. Adding up benefits in today's dollars, claiming at 67 overtakes claiming at 62 at about age 79, and claiming at 70 overtakes 67 at about 82.5 (our calculation). If you expect to live past those ages, or want to protect a spouse, waiting usually wins. Early retirement also affects the benefit itself: it is based on your highest 35 years of wage-indexed earnings, and missing years count as zero[4], so quitting with fewer than 35 working years means a smaller benefit than an estimate that assumes you keep working.

How much can you save toward early retirement in 2026?

For 2026 you can put $24,500 into a 401(k), plus $8,000 in catch-up contributions from 50 ($11,250 at 60 to 63), and $7,500 into an IRA[17]. An HSA adds $4,400 for self-only cover or $8,750 for a family[18]. Money beyond those limits goes into a taxable brokerage account, which is often the easiest way to fund the bridge before 59½.

What are the most common early retirement mistakes?

  • Using a 4% rule built for 30 years. A 45-year retirement needs a lower rate; that is why the default here is 3.5%.
  • Counting money you can't reach. A big 401(k) and a small taxable account can mean you are rich at 60 and short at 45. Check the "before 59½" column above.
  • Forgetting health insurance, or triggering the subsidy cliff with one large IRA withdrawal or Roth conversion.
  • Assuming a full Social Security benefit after a short career. Use your SSA estimate and lower it if you stop early.
  • Ignoring taxes. Spending is what you need after tax; traditional 401(k) withdrawals are taxed as income.
  • Having no plan B. A crash in the first years does the most damage. Know which costs you would cut, or whether you would take part-time work, before you quit.

What assumptions does the calculator use?

  • Return: 7% before inflation. The S&P 500 returned 10.0% a year from 1928 to 2025[19]; Vanguard's 10-year forecast for US stocks is 4.8% to 6.8%[20].
  • Inflation: 3%. Prices rose 3.7% in the 12 months to September 2026[21]. Everything is shown in today's dollars.
  • Same spending in retirement as today, plus any extra health insurance you enter until 65.

See the methodology for details. To find the number for any retirement length, try the FIRE number calculator; to see when you could stop saving, try the Coast FIRE calculator. New to the idea? Start with what FIRE is.

Frequently asked questions

How much do I need to retire early?

With Social Security, roughly 21 to 25 times your yearly spending, depending on how early you go; without it, 28.6 times at a 3.5% withdrawal rate. For $55,000 a year with a $20,000 benefit from 67, it is $1,385,127 at 40 and $1,134,930 at 60 (our calculation, 3.5% withdrawal rate, plan to 95). The table above shows the ages in between.

Can I retire at 50?

Yes, if your savings rate is high enough. Starting from zero at 30 with a 50% savings rate, our defaults get you there in about 20 years, around 50. Mr. Money Mustache's well-known version of this math assumes a 5% real return and a 4% withdrawal rate, which gets a 50% saver there in about 16 years[2]; our more cautious defaults take longer.

Can I retire early with $1 million?

At 50, $1,000,000 supports about $45,006 a year of total spending if Social Security pays $20,000 from 67 (our calculation at a 3.5% withdrawal rate to 95). Without Social Security it is $35,000. Enter your own balance in the calculator to see your earliest age.

How do I access retirement money before 59½?

Spend taxable accounts and Roth IRA contributions first. For 401(k)s and IRAs, the Rule of 55, 72(t) payments and a Roth conversion ladder avoid the 10% additional tax[6]. The calculator shows how much your years before 59½ cost.

What about health insurance if I retire early?

Retiring before 65 lets you buy an ACA Marketplace plan in a Special Enrollment Period[10], or keep your employer plan through COBRA for up to 18 months[11]. Subsidies stop above 400% of the poverty level in 2027 too[15], so plan withdrawals to keep income under that line.

Should I count on Social Security if I retire early?

Yes, but expect a smaller benefit if you stop work before you have 35 years of covered earnings: workers with 35 or more years lose little by stopping early[3]. Get your own estimate and enter it in the calculator.

Sources

Figures checked against each source on November 11, 2026.

  1. [1]The Safe Withdrawal Rate Series · Karsten Jeske, Early Retirement Now, 2016-2025.The series models very long early retirements ("a 50 or even 60-year horizon"); withdrawal rates of 3.25-3.50% would have survived even the most catastrophic historical market conditions, and Part 3 argues about 3.25% is needed for low failure risk over 60 years when valuations are high.
  2. [2]The Shockingly Simple Math Behind Early Retirement · Mr. Money Mustache, January 13, 2012.Assumes 5% returns after inflation, a 4% withdrawal rate, a starting net worth of zero and savings rate as a share of take-home pay (gross minus taxes, 401(k) deductions added back). A 10% savings rate means about 51 working years, 15% retires you 8 years earlier, and 50% means about 16.
  3. [3]Social Security Retirement Benefits: Claiming Ages (R47151) · Congressional Research Service, June 8, 2022.Full retirement age is 67 for people born in 1960 or later; claiming at 62 cuts benefits 30%; delayed credits add 8% a year up to 70 (24% more at 70 when full retirement age is 67); workers with 35 or more years of covered earnings lose little of their basic benefit by stopping work early (p. 24). Pages 5-6: someone entitled to their own benefit and a spousal or survivor benefit in effect receives the higher of the two; at full retirement age a spouse can receive 50% of the worker's benefit, with no delayed retirement credits; a widow(er) claiming at full retirement age or later can receive 100% of the deceased worker's benefit. At full retirement age a spouse can receive 50% of the retired worker's benefit, reduced if claimed earlier (32.5% at 62 when FRA is 67), with no delayed retirement credits (p. 6); a widow(er) claiming at FRA or later can receive 100% of the deceased worker's benefit (p. 7); a dually entitled person receives the higher of their own and the spousal or survivor benefit (p. 6).
  4. [4]Social Security: Benefit Calculation Overview (IF11747) · Congressional Research Service, Updated January 26, 2026.A retired worker's benefit is based on the average of their highest 35 years of wage-indexed earnings; if they worked fewer than 35 years in covered employment, the missing years count as zero earnings. The benefit is based on the highest 35 years of wage-indexed earnings divided by 420 months (AIME); if you worked fewer than 35 years under Social Security, the missing years count as zero earnings. AIME is the average of the highest 35 years of indexed earnings divided by 12; with fewer than 35 years of covered work the missing years count as zero. The PIA formula applies 90%, 32% and 15% across bend points of $1,286 and $7,749 (2026), a progressive replacement rate.
  5. [5]2027 Cost-of-Living Adjustment (COLA) Fact Sheet · Social Security Administration, October 14, 2026.Benefits rise 3.6% in 2027; the average retiree benefit goes from $2,095 to $2,170 a month.
  6. [6]Retirement topics: Exceptions to tax on early distributions · Internal Revenue Service, Reviewed December 11, 2025.10% additional tax before 59½; the Rule of 55 for workplace plans; 72(t) substantially equal periodic payments. Withdrawals before 59½ owe an additional 10% tax unless an exception applies. Separation from service during or after the year you reach 55 (50 for public safety employees) applies to qualified plans such as 401(k)s, not IRAs; a series of substantially equal payments applies to both; health insurance premiums paid while unemployed applies to IRAs only.
  7. [7]Retirement plans FAQs regarding substantially equal periodic payments · Internal Revenue Service, Last reviewed July 23, 2026.72(t) payments use the RMD, fixed amortization or fixed annuitization method; the interest rate may be up to the greater of 5% or 120% of the federal mid-term rate; payments must continue until the later of 5 years or age 59½; modifying them triggers the 10% tax on all earlier payments plus interest; a one-time switch to the RMD method is allowed.
  8. [8]Publication 590-B: Distributions from IRAs · Internal Revenue Service, 2025.Each Roth conversion has its own 5-year period (the basis of the Roth conversion ladder); changing 72(t) payments before the later of 5 years or age 59½ triggers a recapture tax. Roth IRA ordering rules: regular contributions come out first, then conversions oldest first, and a return of regular contributions is not income. The taxable part of a conversion is included in income. Each conversion has its own 5-year period starting January 1 of the conversion year; converted amounts taken out within it owe the 10% additional tax. Appendix B Table I (single life expectancy): 31.6 years at 55, 27.1 at 60. Roth IRA distributions come out of regular contributions first, and a return of regular contributions is not included in income; the 10% additional tax can apply to converted amounts withdrawn within 5 years, and each conversion has its own 5-year period; modifying substantially equal periodic payments before the later of 5 years or age 59½ triggers a recapture tax. Roth IRA distributions come out in a set order, regular contributions first; a return of regular contributions isn't included in gross income; the 10% additional tax applies to the taxable part of nonqualified distributions and to converted amounts taken out within the 5-year period after a conversion.
  9. [9]Revenue Procedure 2025-32 (2026 inflation adjustments) · Internal Revenue Service, October 9, 2025.2026 tax rate tables, section 4.01: single 10% to $12,400, 12% to $50,400, 22% to $105,700, 24% to $201,775, 32% to $256,225, 35% to $640,600, 37% above; married filing jointly 10% to $24,800, 12% to $100,800, 22% to $211,400, 24% to $403,550, 32% to $512,450, 35% to $768,700, 37% above. Section 4.03: 0% long-term capital gains rate up to $49,450 (single) and $98,900 (joint) of taxable income, 15% up to $545,500 and $613,700, 20% above. Section 4.14: standard deduction $16,100 single and $32,200 joint; additional $1,650 for age 65 or blind ($2,050 if unmarried).
  10. [10]Health coverage for retirees · HealthCare.gov, Ongoing.Retiring before 65 qualifies you for a Special Enrollment Period in the ACA Marketplace.
  11. [11]FAQs on COBRA continuation health coverage for workers · U.S. Department of Labor, Employee Benefits Security Administration, Checked November 11, 2026.After leaving a job (other than for gross misconduct), COBRA continuation coverage lasts up to 18 months; it applies to employers with 20 or more employees.
  12. [12]Federal poverty level (FPL) · HealthCare.gov (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services), Checked November 11, 2026.Poverty guidelines: $15,650 for one person and $21,150 for two in 2025; $15,960 and $21,640 in 2026. The previous year's guidelines are used for the next year's Marketplace savings; incomes between 100% and 400% of the poverty level qualify for the premium tax credit. 2026 poverty guidelines: $15,960 for one person and $21,640 for two; incomes between 100% and 400% of the poverty level qualify for the premium tax credit in all states; below 138% you may qualify for Medicaid if your state expanded it; below 100% you probably won't qualify for Marketplace savings. 2026 Marketplace savings are based on the 2025 poverty guidelines: $15,650 for one person and $21,150 for two.
  13. [13]What's included as income · HealthCare.gov (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services), Checked November 11, 2026.Marketplace income (MAGI) includes most IRA and 401(k) withdrawals, capital gains and all Social Security benefits, but not qualified distributions from a designated Roth account.
  14. [14]How will the loss of enhanced premium tax credits affect older adults? · KFF, February 26, 2026.Enhanced ACA subsidies expired at the end of 2025, so the 400% of poverty-level subsidy cliff is back for 2026. With the enhanced credits expired, income at 401% of poverty ($62,757 for one person in 2026) gets no subsidy. A 60-year-old earning $65,000 (415% of poverty) faces a national average benchmark silver premium of $15,914 a year in 2026, $10,389 more than under the enhanced credits. The enhanced ACA premium tax credits expired on December 31, 2025, so enrollees above 400% of the poverty level get no assistance; a 60-year-old earning $65,000 (415% of poverty) pays $10,389 more a year toward a benchmark premium. With enhanced credits expired, enrollees above 400% of poverty get no premium tax credit in 2026; unsubsidized 2026 national average premiums for a 60-year-old are $11,625 (lowest-cost bronze) and $15,914 (benchmark silver); Marketplace premiums for older adults can be up to three times those of younger enrollees.
  15. [15]9 things to watch for the 2027 ACA open enrollment period · KFF, November 6, 2026.For 2027 coverage, people with incomes above 400% of the poverty level still get no premium tax credit; open enrollment started November 1, 2026 in most states; average benchmark silver premiums rise 13%.
  16. [16]Get started with Medicare · Medicare.gov (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services), Ongoing.Medicare is health insurance for people 65 or older who meet citizenship or residency requirements.
  17. [17]401(k) limit increases to $24,500 for 2026, IRA limit increases to $7,500 (IR-2025-111) · Internal Revenue Service, November 13, 2025.2026 limits: 401(k) $24,500; catch-up $8,000 at 50+ and $11,250 at 60-63; IRA $7,500 plus $1,100 catch-up.
  18. [18]Revenue Procedure 2025-19 (2026 HSA limits) · Internal Revenue Service, 2025.2026 HSA contribution limits: $4,400 self-only and $8,750 family.
  19. [19]Historical Returns on Stocks, Bonds and Bills: 1928-2025 · Aswath Damodaran, NYU Stern School of Business, Updated January 5, 2026.Annual S&P 500, 10-year Treasury and CPI data used by our Monte Carlo and historical backtests (S&P 500: 10.02% a year nominal, 1928-2025).
  20. [20]Vanguard economic and market outlook: 10-year return forecasts · Vanguard, October 21, 2026 (as of September 30, 2026).10-year annualized nominal forecasts: US stocks 4.8%-6.8%, developed ex-US stocks 5.3%-7.3%, US bonds 5.1%-6.1%.
  21. [21]Consumer Price Index news release, September 2026 · U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, October 14, 2026.CPI-U rose 3.7% over the 12 months to September 2026.

Keep planning